Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı DerneğiTurk Psikiyatri Derg1300-21633542024Towards a New Era in Science, Education, and Clinical Practice: The Promise of Artificial Intelligence in PsychiatryBilimde, Eğitimde, Klinik Uygulamada Yeni Bir Çağa Doğru: Yapay Zekâ Psikiyatriye Neler Vadediyor?25125210.5080/u27646ENTRArdaBAĞCAZ10.5080/u27646

Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı DerneğiTurk Psikiyatri Derg1300-21633542024The Theory of Mind and Psychotic Symptoms Phenomenology in Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder and SchizophreniaMaddeye Bağlı Psikotik Bozukluk ve Şizofrenide Psikotik Belirti Fenomenolojisi ve Zihin Kuramı25326210.5080/u27310ENTRElifKÜÇÜKFerideUYSALÖzlem DEVRİMBALABANBaşak TÜZÜNMUTLUERMuratERKIRAN10.5080/u27310Objective: The study aimed to determine clinical indicators that could be used to differentiate between patients diagnosed with substanceinduced psychotic disorder (SIPD) and patients diagnosed with schizophrenia by comparing their psychotic symptoms and theory of mind (ToM). Methods: The study included 43 male patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to DSM-5 criteria and 43 male patients diagnosed with SIPD. The patients were administered the Sociodemographic and Clinical Data Form, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Psychotic Symptom Evaluation Scale (PSYRATS), and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). Results: In patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, the scores on SAPS subscales for structural thought disorder and bizarre behavior, as well as SANS total scores, were significantly higher compared to patients diagnosed with SIPD (z=2.679, p=0.007; z=2.984, p=0.003; z=6.916, p on the RMET were significantly higher in patients with SIPD than in patients with schizophrenia (z=3.540; p was found that as the scores on the SANS total and Affect Blunting or Flattening subscale, as well as the scores on the SAPS Bizarre Behavior subscale decrease, the probability of having SIPD increases. Conclusion: In patients diagnosed with SIPD, there are fewer disorganized and negative symptoms compared to patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Patients with SIPD can recognize negative and neutral expressions better than patients with schizophrenia. When making a differential diagnosis between SIPD and schizophrenia, as blunting in affect, total negative symptoms, and severity of bizarre behavior decrease, the probability of being diagnosed with SIPD increases relative to the probability of being diagnosed with schizophrenia. Keywords: Schizophrenia, Substance-İnduced Psychosis, Theory of Mind, Psychotic Symptoms

Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı DerneğiTurk Psikiyatri Derg1300-21633542024Secondary Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Social Media Users after the February 6, Kahramanmaraş Türkiye Earthquakes: The Relationship Social Media Addiction, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Symptom LevelsAltı Şubat Kahramanmaraş Depremleri Sonrası Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarında İkincil Travmatik Stres Belirtileri: Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı, Depresyon, Anksiyete ve Stres Belirti Düzeyleri ile İlişkisi26327010.5080/u27483ENTROnurGÖKÇENKader SemraKARATAŞMerveAKKUŞFeyzaDÖNMEZÇiğdemAYDOĞANElifAYDOĞAN10.5080/u27483Objective: The content shared on social media may cause secondary traumatic stress (STS) symptoms. The aim of this study is to evaluate the severity of social media related STS and the associated factors in university students who were not directly affected by the February 2023 earthquakes. Method: In total, 436 university students completed an online survey including the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale for Social Media Users (STSS-SM), the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-42), and demographic information and questions regarding social media use preferences after the earthquake. Results: A large portion of the participants (79.1%) reported that they followed the news about the February 2023 earthquakes on social media instead of other media tools. STS associated with social media addiction, depression, anxiety and stress levels (r=0.475 p<0.001; r=0.543 p<0.001; r=0.583 p<0.001; r=0.591 p<0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that, female gender, social media addiction and anxiety levels predicted STS and explained 43.3% of the total variance. STS symptoms were higher in those who followed the earthquake-related news on social media (t=3.534 p<0.001) and in those who reported that Twitter was their preferred social media platform to access information regarding the earthquake (40.8%; (t=6.376 p=0.002)). Conclusion: Social media has been widely used for news gathering following the February 2023 earthquakes. The results of this study reveal that STS in social media users is affected by gender, social media addiction, depression, anxiety, stress levels and social media platform preference. Keywords: Earthquake, Secondary Trauma, Social Media Addiction, Depression, Anxiety, Traumatic Stress

Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı DerneğiTurk Psikiyatri Derg1300-21633542024Alexithymia, Anger, Sensitivity to Mild Bodily Sensations and Personality Characteristics of Restless Legs Syndrome Patients: A Case-control StudyHuzursuz Bacak Sendromu Hastalarının Aleksitimi, Öfke, Hafif Bedensel Duyumlara Duyarlılık Düzeyleri ve Kişilik Özellikleri: Vaka-Kontrol Çalışması27128110.5080/u27472ENTRDilanALKAŞGözde BACIKYAMANMelike DOĞANÜNLÜGökçeİŞCANİbrahimEREN10.5080/u27472Objective: This study aims to asess alexithymia, anger and its expression, sensitivity to bodily sensations, personality, and their relationship with the severity of the disease in patients with Restless Legs Syndrome. Method: The study included 63 patients diagnosed with Restless Legs Syndrome and 63 age, gender and education matched controls. All participants were given, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Somatosensory Amplification Scale, The State Trait Anger Scale and Temperament and Character Inventory. The severity of Restless Legs Syndrome was evaluated using the Restless Legs Syndrome Severity Rating Scale. Results: The trait anger score (p=0,001), sensitivity to bodily sensations (p<0,001), and the total score of alexithymia (p<0,001) were significantly higher in the patient group Reward dependence in patient group was significantly higher (p=0,008). Restless Legs Syndrome severity positively correlated with trait anger level (r=0,360; p=0,015) and alexithymia total score (r=0,373; p=0,003). Restless Legs Syndrome severity negatively correlated with self-directedness (r=-0,323; p=0,010). Conclusion: We demonstrated that alexithymia, sensitivity to body sensations, and anger was high in restless leg syndrome in Restless Legs Syndrome. Restless Legs Syndrome is linked to physical and mental symptoms and certain personality traits. Keywords: Anger, Emotions, Personality, Restless Legs Syndrome, Sensations, Temperament

Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı DerneğiTurk Psikiyatri Derg1300-21633542024Examining Social Anxiety Symptoms with Early Maladaptive Schemas: The Mediating Role of Mindfulness and Self-CompassionSosyal Kaygı Belirtilerinin Erken Dönem Uyumsuz Şemalar Açısından İncelenmesi: Bilinçli Farkındalık ve Öz-Şefkatin Aracı Rolü28229410.5080/u26595ENTRBurcu EbruAYDOĞDUAdviye EsinYILMAZ10.5080/u26595Objective: This study aims to determine early maladaptive schema domains that significantly predict social anxiety symptoms in university students and to examine whether mindfulness and self-compassion play mediating roles in the correlation of these schema domains with social anxiety symptoms. Method: 440 students from various departments of universities participated in the study. Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3, Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire, and Self-Compassion Scale were used to evaluate social anxiety, early maladaptive schema domains, mindfulness, and self-compassion, respectively. Results: The hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that maladaptive schemas in the domains of disconnection, impaired autonomy, and unrelenting standards significantly predicted the increase in social anxiety symptoms. It was found that the level of mindfulness mediated the correlations between these three schema domains and social anxiety symptoms. Moreover, self-compassion mediated the correlations between the schema domains of impaired autonomy and unrelenting standards and social anxiety symptoms. Conclusion: Findings indicate the importance of both specific schema domains and the level of mindfulness and self-compassion in explaining social anxiety symptoms in university students. The results’ possible causes and clinical implications were discussed in light of the current literature. Keywords: Social Anxiety, Early Maladaptive Schemas, Mindfulness, Self-Compassion

Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı DerneğiTurk Psikiyatri Derg1300-21633542024Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia Knowledge Scale (BPSD-T): A Psychometric Evaluation Among CaregiversDemansın Davranışsal ve Psikolojik Belirtileri Bilgi Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Versiyonunun (DDPB-T) Geçerliliği ve Güvenilirliği: Bakıcılar Arasında Psikometrik Bir Değerlendirme29530510.5080/u27614ENTRHasan ArmağanUYSALHalilGÜLLÜOĞLUTuranPOYRAZSimayBAŞARANLeventVARNeslihanEŞKUT10.5080/u27614Objective:: This study aimed to validate the Turkish version of the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia Knowledge Scale (BPSD-T) among caregivers. The goal was to assess the scale’s psychometric properties, ensuring it accurately measures caregivers’ knowledge of dementia-related behavioral and psychological symptoms in a Turkish context. Methods:: In this cross-sectional study, the data were collected from 212 caregivers providing home-based care to dementia patients across Turkey. Participants completed a 12-item Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) knowledge questionnaire along with a sociodemographic form. To examine the factor structure of the scale, both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted. Sample adequacy for EFA was assessed using the Kaiser- Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure and Bartlett’s test of sphericity. For CFA, model fit was evaluated using fit indices such as χ2/df, Goodness of Fit Index (GFI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Normed Fit Index (NFI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). The internal consistency of the scale was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Results:: The findings showed that the BPSD-T has strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha=0.85) and a robust factor structure. Factor loadings ranged from 0.396 to 0.744, supporting the construct validity of the scale. Item-total correlations ranged from 0.437 to 0.711, with the item “BPSD are the major source of caregiving burden” having the highest correlation (r=0.711). The results indicate that the BPSD-T is a reliable instrument for assessing caregivers’ knowledge of behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia. Conclusion:: The BPSD-T provides an effective means of identifying knowledge gaps among caregivers in Turkey and serves as a valuable tool for developing training programs aimed at improving the management of BPSD. This study contributes to the literature by validating the scale in a non-Western context, suggesting that enhancing caregivers’ knowledge of BPSD can have positive impacts on clinical management and patient care. In this regard, the implementation of the BPSD-T may support the more effective management of behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia patients. Keywords: Behavioral Symptoms, Dementia, Caregivers, Psychometrics, Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia, Neuropsychiatric symptoms, Alzheimer’s Disease

Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı DerneğiTurk Psikiyatri Derg1300-21633542024Validity and Reliability of the Turkish version of the Affiliated Stigma Scalefor Caregivers of DementiaBağlı Damgalama Ölçeği’nin Demans Bakım Verenlerinde Türkçe Geçerlik Güvenirlik Çalışması30631610.5080/u27469ENTRDuygu ÇAPKURŞUNMelisa EBEOĞLUDUMANZeynep TÜZÜNGÜN10.5080/u27469Objective: The aim of this study was to adapt the “Affiliated Stigma Scale” to Turkish for caregivers of people with dementia and determine its psychometric properties. The scale measures the affiliated stigma experienced by caregivers of people with dementia. Method: We assessed the psychometric properties of Affiliated Stigma Scale in 218 adults who were primary caregivers for their relatives with dementia. Sociodemographic data was collected and the Affiliated Stigma Scale, the Caregiver Burden Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory were administered. Results: The Confirmatory Factor Analysis results did not support the three-factor structure of the original scale, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed. EFA, revealed that the Turkish form of the Affiliated Stigma Scale has a four-factor structure as “other related/ cognition”, “emotion”, “self-related”, and “behavior” with a total of 20 items. The variance explained by four factors constitutes 65.34% of the total variance. It was positively correlated with depression and caregiver burden scores. The internal consistency coefficients of the scale range was between 0.82 and 0.86 and was 0.91 for the total scale. Conclusion: The Affiliated Stigma Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool in Turkey for the caregivers of people with dementia in assessing affiliated stigma. Keywords: Affiliated Stigma, Caregiver, Dementia, Reliability, Validity

Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı DerneğiTurk Psikiyatri Derg1300-21633542024Improving Psychiatry Services with Artificial Intelligence: Opportunities and ChallengesPsikiyatri Hizmetlerinin Yapay Zekâ ile Geliştirilmesi: Fırsatlar ve Zorluklar31732810.5080/u27604ENTRMuhammedBALLIAslı ERCANDOĞANHale YAPICIESER10.5080/u27604Mental disorders are a critical global public health problem due to their increasing prevalence, rising costs, and significant economic burden. Despite efforts to increase the mental health workforce in Türkiye, there is a significant shortage of psychiatrists, limiting the quality and accessibility of mental health services. This review examines the potential of artificial intelligence (AI), especially large language models, to transform psychiatric care in the world and in Türkiye. AI technologies, including machine learning and deep learning, offer innovative solutions for the diagnosis, personalization of treatment, and monitoring of mental disorders using a variety of data sources, such as speech patterns, neuroimaging, and behavioral measures. Although AI has shown promising capabilities in improving diagnostic accuracy and access to mental health services, challenges such as algorithmic biases, data privacy concerns, ethical implications, and the confabulation phenomenon of large language models prevent the full implementation of AI in practice. The review highlights the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to develop culturally and linguistically adapted AI tools, particularly in the Turkish context, and suggests strategies such as fine-tuning, retrieval-augmented generation, and reinforcement learning from human feedback to increase AI reliability. Advances suggest that AI can improve mental health care by increasing diagnostic accuracy and accessibility while preserving the essential human elements of medical care. Current limitations need to be addressed through rigorous research and ethical frameworks for effective and equitable integration of AI into mental health care. Keywords: Artificial İntelligence, Health, Large Language Model, Machine Learning, Psychiatry

Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı DerneğiTurk Psikiyatri Derg1300-21633542024Lithium in the Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: A Case ReportPremenstrüel Disforik Bozukluk Tedavisinde Lityum: Bir Olgu Sunumu32933210.5080/u27350ENTRRümeysa AyşeGÜLLÜLÜAnılMUŞTUCUCengizAKKAYA10.5080/u27350Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD) is characterized by mental, physical and cognitive symptoms that occurs in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and regresses in the week following menstruation. In PDD, serotonin reuptake inhibitors and combined contraceptives are the primary pharmacologic treatments. In cases where there is a personal or family history of bipolar disorder (BD), the use of antidepressants may pose a risk of inducing manic episodes. The frequent coexistence of BD and PDD, the fact that both diseases are cyclic in nature and that common mechanisms such as hormonal changes play a role in their aetiologies, suggest that lithium might be efficacious in the treatment of PDD. Here, we present a case who didn’t have a BD but a family history of BD and was treated with lithium monotherapy for PDD with a successful outcome. In cases where first- and second-line therapies cannot be used or no response is obtained in PDD patients, pharmacological agents that have demonstrated efficacy in preventing mood episodes among first-degree relatives, may present a viable solution. Keywords: Antidepressive Agents, Drug Therapy, Lithium, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, Premenstrual Syndrome

Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı DerneğiTurk Psikiyatri Derg1300-21633542024Is Artifical Intelligence Hallucinating?Yapay Zekânın Varsanıları Mı Oluyor?33333510.5080/u27587ENTRMahmutÖZER10.5080/u27587

Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı DerneğiTurk Psikiyatri Derg1300-21633542024The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Psychotherapy: Practical and Ethical AspectsPsikoterapilerde Yapay Zekânın Kullanımı: Pratik ve Etik Yönler33633910.5080/u27603ENTRHayri CanÖZDEN10.5080/u27603

Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı DerneğiTurk Psikiyatri Derg1300-21633542024On the ‘Hallucinations’ of Artificial Intelligence and the Hallucination Experience in HumanYapay Zekânın ‘Varsanıları’ ve İnsanda Varsanı Deneyimi Üzerine34034210.5080/u27608ENTREzgi İNCEGULİYEVAlpÜÇOK10.5080/u27608