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<ArticleSet><Article><Journal><PublisherName>Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı Derneği</PublisherName><JournalTitle>Turk Psikiyatri Derg</JournalTitle><Issn>1300-2163</Issn><Volume>33</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Season>Fall</Season></PubDate></Journal><ArticleTitle>Editorial: Truth, Medicine and The Responsibility of Psychiatry</ArticleTitle><FirstPage>A5</FirstPage><LastPage>A6</LastPage><Language>TR</Language><AuthorList><Author><FirstName>Ejder Akgün</FirstName><LastName>YILDIRIM</LastName></Author></AuthorList><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pii">1302</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.5080/u27234</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Article><Article><Journal><PublisherName>Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı Derneği</PublisherName><JournalTitle>Turk Psikiyatri Derg</JournalTitle><Issn>1300-2163</Issn><Volume>33</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Season>Fall</Season></PubDate></Journal><ArticleTitle>The Effect of the New Type Coronavirus Outbreak on Quality of Life and Suicidal Thoughts in Psychiatric Patients</ArticleTitle><VernacularTitle>Yeni Tip Koronavirüs Salgınının Psikiyatrik Hastalarda Yaşam Kalitesi ve İntihar Düşüncelerine Etkisi</VernacularTitle><FirstPage>149</FirstPage><LastPage>157</LastPage><ELocationID EIdType="doi">10.5080/u26525</ELocationID><Language>EN</Language><Language>TR</Language><AuthorList><Author><FirstName>Muhammed Hakan</FirstName><LastName>AKSU</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Bahadır</FirstName><LastName>GENİŞ</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Çiğdem</FirstName><LastName>GENİŞ</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Behcet</FirstName><LastName>COŞAR</LastName></Author></AuthorList><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pii">1303</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.5080/u26525</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><Abstract>Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of perceptions on the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life and suicidal ideation in both healthy controls and individuals with psychiatric disorders. Method: The study was conducted on 4 different groups with 83 depressive disorders, 90 anxiety disorders and 61 schizophrenia patients who have been followed in Gazi University Medical Faculty Hospital Mental Health and Diseases outpatient clinic since before the COVID-19 pandemic period and another group of 93 healthy volunteers. Participants were evaluated with Sociodemographic Data Form, Suicide Probability Scale (SPS), SF-36 Quality of Life Scale (SF- 36), Perception of COVID-19 Scale (P-COVID-19), and Perception of Causes of COVID-19 Scale (PCa-COVID-19). Results: The perception on the danger and contaigiousness of P-COVID-19 scored lowest in the schizophrenia group, compared to other groups and PCa-COVID-19&rsquo;s Conspiracy and Belief subdimension scores were highest. In all groups, a significant negative correlation was found between the P-COVID-19&rsquo;s dangerousness subdimension score and the SF-36 scale&rsquo;s Mental Health sub-dimension. Again, in all groups, significant positive correlations were found between the Dangerousness sub-dimension score of P-COVID-19 and the anger/impulsivity, hopelessness/loneliness and suicidal thoughts sub-dimensions of the SPS. Conclusion: The negative effects of perceptions associated with COVID-19 on mental health were observed both in groups with a psychiatric disorder and in healthy controls. The higher number of participants and longitudinal research will provide a better understanding of the effects of perceptions associated with COVID-19 and will guide the necessary treatment interventions. Keywords: COVID-19, mental health, pandemic, suicide, quality of life</Abstract></Article><Article><Journal><PublisherName>Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı Derneği</PublisherName><JournalTitle>Turk Psikiyatri Derg</JournalTitle><Issn>1300-2163</Issn><Volume>33</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Season>Fall</Season></PubDate></Journal><ArticleTitle>Analysis of Differences in DNA Damage and Repair Efficacy in Lymphocytes of Patients with Bipolar Disorder</ArticleTitle><VernacularTitle>Bipolar Bozukluk Tanılı Hastaların Lenfositlerinde DNA Hasarı ve Tamir Etkinliğindeki Farklılıkların İncelenmesi</VernacularTitle><FirstPage>158</FirstPage><LastPage>166</LastPage><ELocationID EIdType="doi">u10.5080/u26116</ELocationID><Language>EN</Language><Language>TR</Language><AuthorList><Author><FirstName>Gökçe</FirstName><LastName>MART</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Feride Figen</FirstName><LastName>ATEŞCİ</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Mehmet</FirstName><LastName>MART</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Mücahit</FirstName><LastName>SEÇME</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Yavuz</FirstName><LastName>DODURGA</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Burcu</FirstName><LastName>ALBUZ</LastName></Author></AuthorList><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pii">1304</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">u10.5080/u26116</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><Abstract>Objective: The aim of this study was to determine DNA damage during euthymic and attack periods, and the oxidative metabolism states that may cause this damage in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. The role of DNA repair mechanisms in this process was also investigated. Method: The study included a total of 90 patients aged between 18-65 years who were diagnosed with bipolar disorder according to DSM- 5 diagnostic criteria, with 30 patients in euthymic, 30 in manic and 30 in depressive periods. A control group was formed of 30 healthy subjects matched to the patients by age, gender, body mass index and smoking status and/or alcohol consumption. Oxidative metabolism was investigated using the Comet Assay technique to assess DNA damage, according to the oxidant/antioxidant status in the technique developed by Erel with the Rel ASSAY Diagnostics kit (Turkey). The control and patient groups were compared in respect of gene expression levels of OGG1 and NEIL1 repair genes at mRNA level with Real-Time PCR. Results: Increased DNA damage was found in the euthymic and manic groups and decreased NEIL1 gene expression in the depressive group. The oxidative stress index was found to be decreased in the patient groups compared to the healthy control group. Conclusion: Oxidative imbalance and DNA damage and repair disorders may be effective in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Further studies on this subject are required to clarify the etiology and new treatment goals. Keywords: Bipolar disorder, oxidative stress, DNA damage, DNA repair</Abstract></Article><Article><Journal><PublisherName>Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı Derneği</PublisherName><JournalTitle>Turk Psikiyatri Derg</JournalTitle><Issn>1300-2163</Issn><Volume>33</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Season>Fall</Season></PubDate></Journal><ArticleTitle>Relationship of Long Acting Injectable Antipsychotics with Caregiver Burden, Quality of Life, Symptom Severity and Treatment Discontinuation in Schizophrenia</ArticleTitle><VernacularTitle>Şizofrenide Uzun Etkili Enjekte Edilebilir Antipsikotiklerin Bakım Veren Yükü, Yaşam Kalitesi, Belirti Şiddeti ve Tedaviyi Bırakma ile İlişkisi</VernacularTitle><FirstPage>167</FirstPage><LastPage>179</LastPage><ELocationID EIdType="doi">10.5080/u26066</ELocationID><Language>EN</Language><Language>TR</Language><AuthorList><Author><FirstName>Feride</FirstName><LastName>UYSAL</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Eren</FirstName><LastName>YILDIZHAN</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Nesrin Buket</FirstName><LastName>TOMRUK</LastName></Author></AuthorList><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pii">1305</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.5080/u26066</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><Abstract>Objective: Regarding the patients using long acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotic treatment; we aimed to investigate the effect of attitude towards drugs, antipsychotic type and side effects on quality of life, caregiver burden and continuation of treatment. Method: Our study sample consisted of 110 patients in the age range of 18-65 using LAI antipsychotics for at least 12 weeks with the diagnosis of schizophrenia according to DSM-5 criteria. Sociodemographic and Clinical Data Form, Drug Attitude Inventory 10 (DAI-10), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), UKU Side Effect Rating Scale, Quality of Life for Schizophrenia Scale were used for evaluation of patients. Sociodemographic Data Form, Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale (ZCBS) were used for the caregivers. Results: It is observed that the patients with positive attitude against the treatment had longer antipsychotic treatment duration (13.7+9.1 years) compared to patients with negative attitude (7.7 + 6.6 years) (p&lt;0.001). PANSS total scores of patients who were considering about treatment discontinuation (44.0+14.3) were higher than the other patients (38.6+9.0) (p=0.03) and DAI-10 scores of patients who were considering about treatment discontinuation were lower (1.4+4.9; 5.2+3.4; p&lt;0.001). Duration of illness were also shorter (10.3+9.3 year) for the patients who were considering about treatment discontinuation than the other group (15.7 + 9.0 year) (p=0.01). There was no significant difference in caregiver burden, side effects, quality of life and reasons for treatment discontinuation between typical and atypical antipsychotics. According to the regression analysis results, PANSS score (&beta;=0.553, p&lt;0.001) and male gender (&beta;= 0.225, p=0.003) were positive predictors of ZCBS scores. Conclusion: It is observed that the attitude towards drugs and psychotic symptom severity were the most important factors for treatment discontinuation in patients with schizophrenia using LAI antipsychotics. Atypical and typical antipsychotics were not different with respect to quality of life and caregiver burden for the patients on regular treatment with LAI antipsychotics. Keywords: schizophrenia, treatment discontinuation, quality of life, caregiver burden, long acting injectable antipsychotics</Abstract></Article><Article><Journal><PublisherName>Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı Derneği</PublisherName><JournalTitle>Turk Psikiyatri Derg</JournalTitle><Issn>1300-2163</Issn><Volume>33</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Season>Fall</Season></PubDate></Journal><ArticleTitle>The Effect of Defense Mechanisms and Eating Awareness on the Probability of Suicide After Bariatric Surgery</ArticleTitle><VernacularTitle>Bariatrik Cerrahi Sonrası İntihar Olasılığı Üzerine Savunma Mekanizmaları ve Yeme Farkındalığının Etkisi</VernacularTitle><FirstPage>180</FirstPage><LastPage>186</LastPage><ELocationID EIdType="doi">10.5080/u25891</ELocationID><Language>EN</Language><Language>TR</Language><AuthorList><Author><FirstName>Kerim</FirstName><LastName>GÜZEL</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Muhammed Hakan</FirstName><LastName>AKSU</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Bahadır</FirstName><LastName>GENİŞ</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Nermin</FirstName><LastName>GÜRHAN</LastName></Author></AuthorList><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pii">1306</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.5080/u25891</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><Abstract>Objective: This study aims to investigate the relationship between suicide possibilities, defense mechanisms, and eating awareness of patients who have undergone bariatric surgery. Method: The study sample consisted of 101 patients who had bariatric surgery in a private hospital. People who had at least six months from the date of surgery, who had no pregnancy, and who did not give birth after surgery were included in the study. The Mindful Eating Questionnaire, Suicide Probability Scale, and the Defense Style Questionnaire were applied to the participants. Results: While the average age of the sample was 52.46&plusmn;9.72, 54.5% (n=55) were male. Within one year after the operation, 33.7% of (n=34) patients had lost weight between 21-30 kg, while 21.8% (n=22) had lost weight between 11-20 kg. Suicide probability scale scores are predicted by emotional eating (&beta;=0.272, p=0.004), neurotic defense mechanism (&beta;=0.284, p=0.003) and current body mass index (&beta;=0.258, p=0.008). Conclusion: The possibility of suicide after bariatric surgery is closely related to emotional eating, neurotic defense mechanisms, and body mass index. The solution to the problem of emotional eating rather than decreasing the body mass index may be more effective in decreasing the suicide possibilities of the patients. Therefore, in patients undergoing bariatric surgery, emotional eating is one of the problems that should be handled both before and after surgery. Keywords: Obesity, bariatric surgery, eating disorders, suicide, defense mechanisms</Abstract></Article><Article><Journal><PublisherName>Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı Derneği</PublisherName><JournalTitle>Turk Psikiyatri Derg</JournalTitle><Issn>1300-2163</Issn><Volume>33</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Season>Fall</Season></PubDate></Journal><ArticleTitle>Reliability and Validity of the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale Clinician Administered Turkish Form</ArticleTitle><VernacularTitle>Klinisyen Tarafından Uygulanan Snaith-Hamilton Zevk Alma Ölçeği Türkçe Uyarlamasının Geçerlik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması</VernacularTitle><FirstPage>187</FirstPage><LastPage>195</LastPage><ELocationID EIdType="doi">10.5080/u25844</ELocationID><Language>EN</Language><Language>TR</Language><AuthorList><Author><FirstName>Ahmet</FirstName><LastName>GÜRCAN</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Koray</FirstName><LastName>BAŞAR</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Zümrüt Duygu</FirstName><LastName>ŞEN</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Ahmet Alp</FirstName><LastName>KARAKAŞLI</LastName></Author></AuthorList><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pii">1307</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.5080/u25844</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><Abstract>Objective: Anhedonia, which is defined as diminished capacity of having pleasure, is a common symptom in many mental disorders. It has been aimed in this study to adapt to the Turkish language the Snaith- Hamilton Pleasure Scale Clinician Administered Form (SHAPS-C) and examining reliability and validity of Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale Clinician Administered Turkish Form (SHAPS-C-TR) which measures anhedonia in clinical and healthy samples. Method: Two groups consisting of 63 participants consulting the psychiatry clinic and 67 non-clinical participants were included in the study. Data were collected with the Turkish version of the SHAPS-C (the SHAPS-C-TR), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Positive Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). Results: The Kuder-Richardson internal consistency coefficient for the entire participants, the clinical and the non-clinical group were, 0.765, 0.813 and 0.657 respectively. The intra-class coefficient for test-retest reliability was 0.732. The total score on the SHAPS-C-TR significantly correlated with the scores on the anhedonia items of the BDI and the MADRS but not the scores on anxiety items. The PANAS positive symptoms scores were negatively correlated with the SHAPSC- TR total score. In the clinical group, the participants followed up with depression had significantly higher SHAPS-C-TR score than the rest of the participants. A similar difference was not demonstrated by the scores of the clinical group participants followed up with anxiety disorder. Scores on the SHAPS-C-TR did not vary with respect to the demographic characteristics of the participants. Conclusion: The SHAPS-C-TR is a valid and reliable measurement tool to assess anhedonia in both clinical and non-clinical individuals irrespective of differences in demographic features. Keywords: Anhedonia, validity, reliability</Abstract></Article><Article><Journal><PublisherName>Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı Derneği</PublisherName><JournalTitle>Turk Psikiyatri Derg</JournalTitle><Issn>1300-2163</Issn><Volume>33</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Season>Fall</Season></PubDate></Journal><ArticleTitle>Minimal Self Disorders in Schizophrenia</ArticleTitle><VernacularTitle>Şizofrenide Yalın Kendilik Bozuklukları</VernacularTitle><FirstPage>196</FirstPage><LastPage>205</LastPage><ELocationID EIdType="doi">10.5080/u26182</ELocationID><Language>EN</Language><Language>TR</Language><AuthorList><Author><FirstName>İbrahim</FirstName><LastName>AYLAK</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Berna Diclenur</FirstName><LastName>ULUĞ</LastName></Author></AuthorList><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pii">1308</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.5080/u26182</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><Abstract>In recent years we have witnessed a rebirth of interest in the field of subjectivity and its disorders, particularly the severity and quality of non-psychotic abnormal subjective experience. Contemporary research on abnormal subjective experiences in schizophrenia has used several different theoretical frameworks. The most common of these is the phenomenological approach. A prominent example of the phenomenological approach is the minimal self disorder model. In this article, we will discuss, prominent theories on the concept of &lsquo;self &rsquo;, historical background of the minimal self disorder model in schizophrenia and the current approach to this model. According to this model, self disorders have been hypothesized to be an underlying and trait-like core feature of schizophrenia. The model suggests that this minimal self is disturbed in three ways in people with schizophrenia: hyperreflexivity, diminished self-affection (diminished self-presence) and disturbed grip or hold on the cognitive-perceptual world. Hyperreflexivity is defined as the excessive attention to processes that would ordinarily be implicitly experienced. Diminished self-affection (diminished self-presence) refers to an experience of a loss of self-agency. Disturbed grip or hold on the cognitive-perceptual world refers to the disturbances of spatio-temporal structuring of the experiential field. These three aspects are intimately interlinked, and should be understood more as the components of a single entity. Finally, clinical symptoms that may indicate minimal self disorder and the abnormal self experiences of two patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia are discussed. Keywords: Schizophrenia, phenomenology, self-disorders, hyperreflexivity, diminished self-affection</Abstract></Article><Article><Journal><PublisherName>Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı Derneği</PublisherName><JournalTitle>Turk Psikiyatri Derg</JournalTitle><Issn>1300-2163</Issn><Volume>33</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Season>Fall</Season></PubDate></Journal><ArticleTitle>Could Modafinil Be an Option in the Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions Due to Antidepressant Use in Women? Two Case Reports</ArticleTitle><VernacularTitle>Kadınlarda Antidepresan Kullanımına Bağlı Gelişen Cinsel İşlev Bozukluklarının Tedavisinde Modafinil Bir Seçenek Olabilir mi? İki Olgu Sunumu</VernacularTitle><FirstPage>206</FirstPage><LastPage>210</LastPage><ELocationID EIdType="doi">10.5080/u25974</ELocationID><Language>EN</Language><Language>TR</Language><AuthorList><Author><FirstName>Barış</FirstName><LastName>YILBAŞ</LastName></Author></AuthorList><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pii">1309</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.5080/u25974</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><Abstract>Antidepressants are known to cause sexual dysfunctions. Sexual side effects due to antidepressants negatively affect compliance with treatment. Modafinil is a stimulant drug used for narcolepsy and some other sleep disorders. It is also used in treatment of resistant depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and cocaine addiction syndrome. In this article, two female patients whose depressive complaints improved with antidepressant treatment, but who applied to the psychiatry outpatient clinic with complaints of sexual dysfunction and daytime sleepiness, will be presented. Both patients had loss of sexual desire, arousal and orgasm difficulties. The sexual histories obtained from the patients suggested that there was no sexual dysfunction in the period before they started using antidepressants. Both patients stated that they did not want to change the current antidepressant treatment. Modafinil 100 mg/day was prescribed to the patients for daytime sleepiness. One month after the initiation of modafinil 100 mg/day in the 39-yearold patient, there was a marked decrease in the complaints of loss of sexual desire, decreased sexual arousal and orgasm difficulties. In the other patient, 43 years old, a slight improvement in sexual functions was observed after the initiation of modafinil. In this case, after the modafinil dose was increased to 200 mg/day, there was a significant improvement in sexual dysfunctions. In both cases, the improvement in sexual dysfunctions and possible mechanisms as a result of the addition of modafinil to the treatment will be discussed. Keywords: Antidepressant, woman, sexual dysfunction, modafinil</Abstract></Article><Article><Journal><PublisherName>Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı Derneği</PublisherName><JournalTitle>Turk Psikiyatri Derg</JournalTitle><Issn>1300-2163</Issn><Volume>33</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Season>Fall</Season></PubDate></Journal><ArticleTitle>Doxylamine Addiction: A Case Report</ArticleTitle><VernacularTitle>Doksilamin Bağımlılığı: Bir Olgu Sunumu</VernacularTitle><FirstPage>211</FirstPage><LastPage>213</LastPage><ELocationID EIdType="doi">10.5080/u26340</ELocationID><Language>EN</Language><Language>TR</Language><AuthorList><Author><FirstName>Asena UZDU</FirstName><LastName>YAŞAR</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Buket</FirstName><LastName>CİNEMRE</LastName></Author></AuthorList><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pii">13010</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.5080/u26340</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><Abstract>Doxylamine succinate, one of the antihistamines available without a prescription for patients suffering from insomnia, is also an antihistamine with the potential for abuse. Although there are case reports about the addictive potential of antihistamines, there are not many studies on doxylamine succinate addiction in the literature. To our knowledge, there have been no case reports on doxylamine succinate addiction in Turkey. This case report presents a patient (43, M), who started using over-the-counter doxylamine succinate at 25 mg/day due to insomnia, gradually increased to 125 mg/day for the last 3 years continuing his doxylamine succinate intake for 5 years uninterrupted, as well as his treatment process. In addition, possible causes and consequences of doxylamine succinate and the potential for abuse of antihistaminic drugs are discussed through the case. Keywords: Antihistamines, drug dependence, doxylamine</Abstract></Article><Article><Journal><PublisherName>Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı Derneği</PublisherName><JournalTitle>Turk Psikiyatri Derg</JournalTitle><Issn>1300-2163</Issn><Volume>33</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Season>Fall</Season></PubDate></Journal><ArticleTitle>Clinical Follow-up of Two Adolescents Diagnosed with Gender Dysphoria</ArticleTitle><VernacularTitle>Cinsiyetinden Hoşnutsuzluğu Olan İki Ergenin Klinik İzlem Süreci</VernacularTitle><FirstPage>214</FirstPage><LastPage>219</LastPage><ELocationID EIdType="doi">10.5080/u26795</ELocationID><Language>EN</Language><Language>TR</Language><AuthorList><Author><FirstName>Ender</FirstName><LastName>CESUR</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Şahika</FirstName><LastName>YÜKSEL</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Koray</FirstName><LastName>BAŞAR</LastName></Author><Author><FirstName>Seven</FirstName><LastName>KAPTAN</LastName></Author></AuthorList><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pii">13011</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.5080/u26795</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><Abstract>Rapid physical, psychological and sexual changes in adolescents due to the developmental process differentiate the approach to adolescents with gender dysphoria (GD) from the approach to adults. In this article, two adolescents who applied for GD and followed up for a long time are presented. The first case was assigned male at birth and defined herself as female. At the age of fifteen, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog was started for puberty suppression, and sex hormone was started in the follow-up. The second case&rsquo;s assigned sex was female and defined himself as male. At the age of sixteen years and six months, puberty suppressive treatment was started, followed by sex hormones. Both cases were able to continue their psychosocial development without any problems after the psychiatric and physical treatments they could reach on time. Although GD in adolescents cannot be resolved with puberty suppression alone, it creates time to resolve the acute problems and to search for appropriate treatment approaches in the future. Puberty suppression partially relieves and prevents the exacerbation of the dysphoria experienced by the youth diagnosed as GD, and creates time to search appropriate treatment approaches in the follow-up. Through these two cases, it is aimed to introduce the gender affirmation processes of adolescents with GD, to discuss the medical interventions in adolescence and the psychosocial effects of the process on individuals. Keywords: Gender dysphoria, gender incongruence, adolescence, gender affirmation process, puberty supression, puberty blockers</Abstract></Article><Article><Journal><PublisherName>Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı Derneği</PublisherName><JournalTitle>Turk Psikiyatri Derg</JournalTitle><Issn>1300-2163</Issn><Volume>33</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Season>Fall</Season></PubDate></Journal><ArticleTitle>DSM-5 TÜRKÇE ÇEVİRİYE BİR KISMİ ELEŞTİRİ</ArticleTitle><VernacularTitle>DSM-5 TÜRKÇE ÇEVİRİYE BİR KISMİ ELEŞTİRİ</VernacularTitle><FirstPage>220</FirstPage><LastPage>222</LastPage><ELocationID EIdType="doi">10.5080/u26540</ELocationID><Language>EN</Language><Language>TR</Language><AuthorList><Author><FirstName>Osman</FirstName><LastName>ÖZDEMİR</LastName></Author></AuthorList><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pii">13012</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.5080/u26540</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><Abstract>Sayın Edit&ouml;r, Bu yazıda ama&ccedil; T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e DSM-5 i&ccedil;in daha akıcı ve anlaşılabilir ortak bir dil oluşturma &ccedil;abasıdır. Y&ouml;ntem: DSM-5&rsquo;in ya da DSM&rsquo;nin 5. baskısının T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e ve İngilizce baskıları karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu yazıda ana b&ouml;l&uuml;m 2&rsquo;ye kadar olan kısım incelenmiştir. Kurum eleştirisi: DSM-5 T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e &ccedil;evirisinin eleştirilebilecek noktalarının olması &ouml;zel bir yayıncılık tarafından &ccedil;evrilmesinin etkisi olabilir. Bir kişinin &ouml;zel &ccedil;abasının &uuml;zerinde bir organizasyon gerektirdiği d&uuml;ş&uuml;n&uuml;lmektedir. &Ccedil;eviriyi T&uuml;rkiye Psikiyatri Derneği g&ouml;rev grupları ve &ccedil;alışma birimleri yapabilir veya en azından &ccedil;eviriye dahil edilebilirdi&rdquo; şeklinde yazmak daha uygun olabilir. H&acirc;kim dil eleştirisi: &Ccedil;eviride h&acirc;kim olan T&uuml;rk&ccedil;enin tıbbi T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e mi yoksa edebi T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e mi eski T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e veya Osmanlıca T&uuml;rk&ccedil;esinin mi modern T&uuml;rk&ccedil;enin mi h&acirc;kim olduğu anlaşılamamaktadır. Aslında bu sorunun cevabı bellidir. DSM- 5 medikal model eksenli bir kitaptır (American Psychiatric Association 2013) ve &ccedil;evirisinin de tıbbi eksenli olması beklenir. DSM-5 İngilizce &ouml;n s&ouml;z&uuml;nde biyolojik, psikodinamik, bilişsel, davranışsal, kişiler arası gibi farklı alanlarda &ccedil;alışan klinisyenler ve araştırmacılar i&ccedil;in &ccedil;eşitlilik g&ouml;steren resmi bir dil kullanıldığı ifade edilmektedir. İşte T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e &ccedil;evirinin ortak resmi bir dil yerine kaynağı belirsiz tek bir g&ouml;r&uuml;ş&uuml; temsil ettiği d&uuml;ş&uuml;n&uuml;lmektedir. DSM-5 T&Uuml;RK&Ccedil;E &Ccedil;EVİRİYE BİR KISMİ ELEŞTİRİ Muhatap eleştirisi: DSM-5 kitabının muhatapları bellidir. DSM-5&rsquo;in İngilizce &ouml;n s&ouml;z&uuml;nde kitabın klinisyenler, eğiticiler ve araştırmacılar i&ccedil;in bu alanda bir başvuru kaynağı olduğu ifade edilmektedir. T&uuml;rkiye i&ccedil;in başta psikiyatri uzmanları olmak &uuml;zere bu alanda &ccedil;alışan diğer meslek gruplarıdır. Fakat DSM-5&rsquo;in T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e &ccedil;evirisinin kullanılan dil a&ccedil;ısından hangi meslek grubuna hitap ettiği net olarak anlaşılamamaktadır. Profesyonel &ccedil;alışanlardan ziyade edebiyata ya da eski T&uuml;rk&ccedil;eye meraklı bir grubu hedef aldığı izlenimi oluşmaktadır. Başlık eleştirisi: Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği 2013. Burada istatistik kavramı sayımsal olarak &ccedil;evrilmiş. Dilde akıcılık ve uyum g&ouml;z &ouml;n&uuml;nde bulundurulduğunda g&uuml;zel g&ouml;r&uuml;nse de anlamın oturmadığı s&ouml;ylenebilir. Kitabın uzun halinin başlığı da kısa hali gibi &ldquo;DSM-5 Tanı &Ouml;l&ccedil;&uuml;tleri Başvuru El Kitabı&rdquo; olabilirdi. &Ouml;n s&ouml;z eleştirisi: Kitaba bir T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e &ccedil;eviri &ouml;n s&ouml;z&uuml; eklenebilirdi. &Ouml;n s&ouml;zde &ouml;ncelikle edit&ouml;r&uuml;n DSM-5 hakkındaki genel g&ouml;r&uuml;şleri veya DSM-5 anlayışı değerlendirilebilirdi. Sonra T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e &ccedil;eviri &ccedil;alışmalarından bahsedilebilirdi. Nasıl bir y&ouml;ntem uygulandığı, anahtar veya tartışmalı kelimelerin yerine hangi T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e kelimelerin neden tercih edildiği anlatılabilirdi. Eksik yerler: İngilizce baskıda bulunan DSM-5 g&ouml;rev timinin (Task Force) başkan ve başkan yardımcısının isimlerini taşıyan (Preface) &Ouml;n s&ouml;z b&ouml;l&uuml;m&uuml; T&uuml;rk&ccedil;eye &ccedil;evrilmemiştir. Ayrıca DSM-5&rsquo;in hazırlanma s&uuml;re&ccedil;lerini anlatan (Introduction) Giriş b&ouml;l&uuml;m&uuml; de T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e baskıda bulunmamaktadır. T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e &ccedil;eviri bu noktada eksik veya ihmal edilmiş şekilde tanımlanabilir. Nitekim Giriş b&ouml;l&uuml;m&uuml;nde DSM-5 revizyon s&uuml;reci, revizyonlar i&ccedil;in &ouml;neriler, uzman g&ouml;r&uuml;şleri, organizasyon yapısı, tanılara boyutsal yaklaşım, diğer t&uuml;rl&uuml; sınıflandırılan (other specified) ve sınıflandırılamayan (unspecified) tanılar ve eksenler (eksen 1,2,3,4,5) yaklaşımı gibi bir&ccedil;ok &ouml;nemli alt başlıklar bulunmaktadır. Yine DSM-5&rsquo;in adli durumlarda kullanımı 221 i&ccedil;in uyarılar başlıklı alan eksik yerler arasında bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Bu elkitabının Kulanımı b&ouml;l&uuml;m&uuml;n&uuml;n Giriş&rsquo;den bahseden ilk iki c&uuml;mlesi T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e &ccedil;eviride bulunmamaktadır. Ek olarak &uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;nc&uuml; paragraf 4. satırda yer alan &ldquo;daha &ouml;nce girişte belirtilediği gibi&rdquo; ifadesi de T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e &ccedil;eviride yer almamaktadır. Bu &ouml;rneklerden ana kitabın bazı kısımlarının hem T&uuml;rk&ccedil;eye &ccedil;evrilmediği hem de &ccedil;evrilmediğinin belirtilmediği g&ouml;r&uuml;lmektedir. Burada &ccedil;evirmenlerin inisiyatif aldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Ama eğer bir inisiyatif alınacaksa bunun ancak dili &ccedil;evirmede, c&uuml;mlelerin anlaşılmasında, daha uygun kelimelerin tercih edilmesinde kullanılabileceği d&uuml;ş&uuml;n&uuml;lmektedir. &Ccedil;eviri eleştirisi: T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e &ccedil;eviriden alınan yerler sayfa numarası ve paragraf (x;y) şeklinde belirtilerek italik yapılmıştır. İncelenecek ifadeler altı &ccedil;izilerek g&ouml;sterilmiştir. Acil serviste, &ouml;zel bir b&ouml;l&uuml;mde yer alan en &ouml;nde gelen belirtiler vurgulanabilir (&ouml;rn. sanrılar, m&acirc;ni, depresyon, madde esrikliği ya da n&ouml;robilişsel belirtiler), dolayısıyla tam bir ayırıcı tanı yapılana dek bu kapsamda &lsquo;tanımlanmamış&rsquo; bozukluk tanısı konabilir (Ivi;1). C&uuml;mle ilk okunduğunda &ldquo;acil serviste&rdquo; ifadesinden sonra &ldquo;&ouml;zel bir b&ouml;l&uuml;mde&rdquo; ifadesi başka servisler (&ouml;rneğin dahiliye) şeklinde anlaşılabilir. Halbuki &ldquo;a particular chapter&rdquo; (&ouml;zel bir b&ouml;l&uuml;m), DSM&rsquo;de ge&ccedil;en &ldquo;ilgili tanı b&ouml;l&uuml;m&uuml;&rdquo; anlamında kullanılmaktadır. T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e &ccedil;eviride &ldquo;particular&rdquo; s&ouml;zl&uuml;k anlamında kullanıldığı, c&uuml;mledeki b&uuml;t&uuml;nl&uuml;ğ&uuml;n yakalanmadığı, gerek alanında gerekse dil konusunda yetkin biri tarafından &ccedil;evrilmediği izlenimi oluşmaktadır. Aşağıdaki &ouml;rnekler bu g&ouml;r&uuml;ş&uuml; desteklemektedir. Ruhsal bozukluk, ruhsal işlevselliğin altında yatan ruhsal, biyolojiyle ilgili ya da gelişimsel s&uuml;re&ccedil;lerde işlevsellikte bir bozulma olduğunu g&ouml;steren, kişinin biliş, duygu d&uuml;zenlemesi ve davranışlarında klinik a&ccedil;ıdan belirgin bir bozukluk olmasıyla belirli bir sendromdur (Ivi;3). Aynı kelime ardışık olarak &uuml;&ccedil; kez tekrarlanmıştır. Esas baskıda &ldquo;mental&rdquo; s&ouml;zc&uuml;ğ&uuml; biri c&uuml;mlenin başında diğeri sonunda olmak &uuml;zere iki kez kullanılmıştır. DSM-5&rsquo;te, herhangi tek bir bozuklukA i&ccedil;in bug&uuml;nk&uuml; tanı &ouml;l&ccedil;&uuml;tlerinin, b&uuml;t&uuml;n bu doğrulayıcılarlaB g&uuml;venli bir bi&ccedil;imde belirlenebilen t&uuml;rdeşC bir hasta k&uuml;mesini g&ouml;stermesi gerekmediğini biliyoruz. Bug&uuml;nk&uuml; kanıtlar, bu doğrulayıcıların tanısal sınırlar arasında &ccedil;apraz varlığınıD g&ouml;stermekle birlikte, daha b&uuml;y&uuml;k bir sıklıkla DSM-5 b&ouml;l&uuml;mleri i&ccedil;inde ve bitişik b&ouml;l&uuml;mler arasında toplanma eğilimi i&ccedil;inde olduklarını g&ouml;stermektedir. &Ouml;zg&uuml;l bozukluklar ya da bozukluk a&ccedil;ılımlarınıE tam doğrulayan, kesin nedensel ya da patofizyolojiyi ilgilendiren d&uuml;zenekler belirlenmediği s&uuml;rece, DSM-5 bozukluk &ouml;l&ccedil;&uuml;tleri i&ccedil;in en temel &ouml;l&ccedil;&uuml;, bunların s&ouml;z konusu tanı &ouml;l&ccedil;&uuml;tleri altında değerlendirilen kişilerin klinik gidişinin ve tedaviye alınan yanıtın değerlendirilmesinde sağladığı klinik yararlıktırF (Ivi;3). Bu uzun alıntıda ne anlatıldığı tam olarak anlaşılamamaktadır. İngilizce baskı okunduğunda da &ouml;zellikle bilimsel a&ccedil;ıdan anlaşılmasının zor bir yer olduğu g&ouml;r&uuml;lmektedir. Aslında buranın DSM-5&rsquo;in temel felsefesinin anlatıldığı can alıcı bir yer olduğu s&ouml;ylenebilir. Konunun uzmanları tarafından &uuml;zerinde &ccedil;alışılması, tartışılması ve belki dipnot eklenmesi gereken alanın aşağıda daha ayrıntılı incelendiği &uuml;zere gereken &ouml;zen g&ouml;sterilmeden &ccedil;evrildiği g&ouml;r&uuml;nmektedir. A: Esas metinde &ldquo;any single disorder&rdquo; olarak ge&ccedil;en ifade Google translate ile benzer şekilde &ldquo;herhangi tek bir bozukluk&rdquo; şeklinde &ccedil;evrilmiş. Halbuki T&uuml;rk&ccedil;ede &ldquo;herhangi bir bozukluk&rdquo; şeklinde kullanılmaktadır. Burada zaten &ldquo;tek&rdquo; anlamı bulunmaktadır. T&uuml;rk&ccedil;ede anlamca birbirini kapsayan kelimelerin bir arada kullanılması anlatım bozukluğuna yol a&ccedil;ar. B: &ldquo;Validators&rdquo; (doğrulayıcılar) kelimesi &ouml;l&ccedil;eklerde yapılan g&uuml;venilirlik (reliability) ve ge&ccedil;erlilik (validity) &ccedil;alışmalarını hatırlatmaktadır. Ge&ccedil;erlilik, bir &ouml;l&ccedil;me aracının ama&ccedil;ladığı &ouml;zelliği doğru &ouml;l&ccedil;ebilme derecesidir (Ercan ve Kan 2004). Burada &ccedil;evirinin s&ouml;zl&uuml;k anlamı verilerek psikiyatriye yeni bir T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e kavram eklenmiş. Halbuki &ccedil;eviri yapılırken ama&ccedil; dile yeni kelimeler kazandırmak değil; en yakın anlamı bulmaya &ccedil;alışmaktır. &Ccedil;eviri &ldquo;doğru&rdquo; yerine aşina olduğumuz &ldquo;ge&ccedil;erli&rdquo; s&ouml;zc&uuml;ğ&uuml; &uuml;zerinden yapılabilirdi. Konu insandan bahsetmediği i&ccedil;in &ldquo;ge&ccedil;erliler&rdquo; yerine &ldquo;ge&ccedil;erli şeyler&rdquo; yani &ldquo;ge&ccedil;erli değişkenler&rdquo; şeklinde istatistiksel bir terim veya &ldquo;doğrulayıcı&rdquo; yerine daha &ccedil;ok bilinen &ldquo;destekleyici&rdquo; terimi kullanılabilirdi. İngilizce metinden takip edildiği takdirde tanı kriterlerini &ldquo;destekleyen&rdquo; bulgular-veriler anlamının oturduğu hissedilecektir. Aslında aynı paragraf i&ccedil;inde ge&ccedil;en &ldquo;validating diagnostic criteria&rdquo; (ge&ccedil;erli tanı kriterleri), &ldquo;fully validate specific disorders&rdquo; (tam ge&ccedil;erli &ouml;zg&uuml;l bozukluklar) da olduğu gibi &ldquo;ge&ccedil;erli&rdquo; s&ouml;zc&uuml;ğ&uuml; uygun g&ouml;r&uuml;nmektedir. C: İngilizce baskıda &ldquo;homogeneous group of patients&rdquo; ifadesinde ge&ccedil;en homogeneous s&ouml;zl&uuml;k anlamı tercih edilerek &ldquo;t&uuml;rdeş&rdquo; olarak &ccedil;evrilmiş. Halbuki &ldquo;homojen hasta grubu&rdquo; şeklinde &ccedil;evrilebilirdi. Homojen, &ldquo;aynı &ouml;zellikleri taşıyan&rdquo; anlamında bilim, tıp ve istatistik dilinde kullanılan bir kelimedir. D: C&uuml;mle &ldquo;these validators cross existing diagnostic boundaries&rdquo; şeklinde ge&ccedil;mektedir. &ldquo;These validators&rdquo; c&uuml;mlenin &ouml;znesi, &ldquo;cross&rdquo; y&uuml;klemi ve &ldquo;existing diagnostic boundaries&rdquo; neyi sorusuna cevap veren c&uuml;mlenin nesnesidir. &ldquo;Bu destekleyiciler mevcut tanı sınırlarını aşmaktadır.&rdquo; Fakat &ccedil;evirmen maalesef c&uuml;mleyi &ouml;ğelerine ayırmadığı i&ccedil;in &ldquo;cross existing diagnostic boundaries&rdquo; ifadesini &ldquo;tanısal sınırlar arasında &ccedil;apraz varlığını&rdquo; şeklinde &ccedil;evirmiştir. Bu nedenle c&uuml;mle anlaşılmamaktadır. E: İngilizce baskıda &ldquo;disorder spectra&rdquo; olarak ge&ccedil;en ifade &ldquo;bozukluk a&ccedil;ılımları&rdquo; şeklinde &ccedil;evrilmiş. Boyutsal 222 Geliş Tarihi: 02.04.2021, Kabul Tarihi: 24.05.2021, &Ccedil;evrimi&ccedil;i Tarihi: 19.04.2022 Do&ccedil;., Serbest Psikiyatrist, Van. Dr. Osman &Ouml;zdemir, e-posta: osmanozdemir56@gmail.com O&Ouml;: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-889X https://doi.org/10.5080/u26540 yaklaşım ve spektrum kavramı DSM-5&rsquo;in &ouml;nemli değişikliklerinden biridir. Spektrum terimi psikiyatride birbirine benzeyen, aynı aileden gelen hastalıklar anlamında kullanılagelmektedir (&Ouml;zdemir 2012). DSM-5 &ccedil;evirisinde spektrum teriminin tercih edilmemesi bir eksiklik ve &ldquo;a&ccedil;ılım&rdquo; olarak değiştirilmesi hatalı olarak değerlendirilmektedir. F: İngilizce baskıda &ldquo;will be clinical utility&rdquo; olarak ge&ccedil;en ifade &ldquo;klinik yararlıktır&rdquo; şeklinde &ccedil;evrilmiş. &Ccedil;evirinin &ldquo;klinik kullanımı olacaktır&rdquo; şeklinde olması gerektiği d&uuml;ş&uuml;n&uuml;lmektedir. C&uuml;mlenin y&uuml;klemi olan &ldquo;will be&rdquo; T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e&rsquo;de &ldquo;olacaktır&rdquo; anlamına gelmektedir. Google translate tarandığında &ldquo;clinical utility&rdquo; zaten terim şeklinde &ldquo;klinik kullanım&rdquo; anlamında bulunmaktadır. Diğer yerlerde bir&ccedil;ok s&ouml;zc&uuml;ğ&uuml;n s&ouml;zl&uuml;k anlamı kullanıldığı halde burada daha uygun g&ouml;r&uuml;nmesine rağmen kullanılmamıştır. SONU&Ccedil; DSM-5 T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e &ccedil;evirisinin, İngilizce baskının hazırlanma s&uuml;reci ve aşamalarının takip edilmeden hızla yapıldığı (&Ouml;zt&uuml;rk 2014) anlaşılmaktadır. T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e &ccedil;evirinin anlatım bozuklukları, yanlış &ccedil;eviriler (Yıldız 2014) ve okuyucunun ilk kez karşılaştığı tartışmalı kelimeleri i&ccedil;erdiği g&ouml;r&uuml;lmektedir. T&uuml;rk&uuml; dili veya y&ouml;resel ağızlar hatta T&uuml;rk Dil Kurumu (K&ouml;roğlu 2014) bile değil; h&acirc;kim ve modern bilimsel psikiyatri dilinin kullanılması gerektiği d&uuml;ş&uuml;n&uuml;lmektedir. T&uuml;m bunların sonucunda DSM-5 T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e &ccedil;evirisinin T&uuml;rk psikiyatrisinin ortak dilini temsil etmediği s&ouml;ylenebilir. T&uuml;rkiye Psikiyatri Derneği&rsquo;nden onaylı bir revizyon &ouml;nerilmektedir. Osman &Ouml;ZDEMİR</Abstract></Article></ArticleSet>
